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| Symptom | Likely Cause | Resolution | |---------|--------------|-------------| | TAP adapter missing in network list | Driver not installed or disabled | Reinstall OpenVPN with TAP option; enable in Device Manager | | Error "All TAP-Win32 adapters are in use" | Maximum adapter count reached (default 16) | Delete unused TAP adapters via tapinstall.exe or Device Manager | | Bridging fails on Windows | Network Bridge configuration corrupted | Remove bridge, reset TAP adapter, re-bridge with physical NIC | | Low throughput | Excessive broadcast traffic or MTU mismatch | Use --mssfix 1400 , --tun-mtu 1500 ; avoid bridging if not needed | | Driver blocked by antivirus/firewall | Security software restricts virtual adapters | Whitelist TAP adapter or OpenVPN process | | Code 10 or 31 in Device Manager (Windows) | Corrupt driver or residual registry entries | Run devcon.exe remove *tap* ; reinstall OpenVPN |