: U value, z-score, exact or asymptotic p-value, mean ranks.
Because ordinal metrics—such as 5-point Likert scales, socioeconomic strata, or professional hierarchy tiers—lack a consistent intervals scale, applying conventional parametric metrics like means, standard deviations, or T-tests can yield severely distorted research conclusions. : U value, z-score, exact or asymptotic p-value, mean ranks
| Research Goal | Parametric Test (Interval/Ratio) | | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Compare 2 Independent Groups | Independent Samples t-test | Mann-Whitney U Test | | Compare 2 Related Groups (Paired) | Paired Samples t-test | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test | | Compare 3+ Independent Groups | One-Way ANOVA | Kruskal-Wallis H Test | | Compare 3+ Related Groups | Repeated Measures ANOVA | Friedman Test | | Correlation between 2 Variables | Pearson Correlation | Spearman’s Rho (Rank Correlation) | : U value