The EU insisted on protecting its single market; the UK insisted on leaving the customs union and single market. Reconciliation of these positions became the most difficult Brexit negotiation issue.

Before Brexit, both the UK and Ireland were EU members. The Irish border was invisible: no customs posts, no passport checks, free movement of goods and people. This openness was essential to the Northern Ireland peace process, allowing communities on both sides to interact normally.

Brexit and Irun : The Strategic Border Knot of Anglo-Spanish Logistics

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